现在分词完成式的被动语态 过去分词区别

现在分词完成式的被动语态 过去分词区别
现在分词完成式的被动语态 过去分词区别

现在分词完成式的被动语态 过去分词区别
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上.
1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思,而过去分词多由及物动词变来,表示被动的意思.试比较：
surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)
surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动,即被惊讶的)
an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)
excited spectators 激动的观众(被动,即被引起激动的)
a moving film 一部感动人的影片.
A moved audience 受感动的观众
A tiring journey 累人的旅行
A tired football player 累了的足球运动员
He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情.
She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣.
也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的,它们只表示一个动作已完成,没有被动的意味.如：
the risen sun 升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶
the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹
a retired miner 退休矿工
returned students 归国留学生
2)时间关系上不同：一般说来,现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往已经完成.试比较：
the changing world 正在变化着的世界
the changed world 已经起了变化的世界
boiling water 正在开的水
boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
分词和分词短语的用法
1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词,一般放在它所修饰的名词之前.如：
I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书.
He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水.
分词短语作定语用时,一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面.它的功用相当于定语从句.如：
China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家,属于第三世界.
(= which belongs to the Third World)
The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟.(= who is sitting in the comer)
Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来.(= who were invited to the party.)
2)作表语
The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人,且有教育意义.
The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的.
He is married.他已经结婚了.
[注] 分词作表语用时,相当于形容词,不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来.它们的形式相似,但可以从意义上加以辨别.试比较：
Lei Feng’s spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民.(现在进行时)
His report is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞.(现在分词作表语)
The road was completed by the PLA men.这条路是解放军战士修成的.(被动语态)
The road is completed.这条路已经筑成.(过去分词作表语)
3)作状语分词在意义上也可用作状语,表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等.
a)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句).如：
Looking out of the window,I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去,看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过.(= When I locked out of the window)
Heated,the l expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀.(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉,拿出一本词典.(= He opened the drawer and took...这两个动作是一个接着一个)
[注]如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系,分词短语之前可用when或while等连词.如：
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory),I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间,从工人那里学到了很多东西.
When heated,the l expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀.
b)表示原因(在意义上相当于表示原因的状语从句).如：
Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn’t come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到
累,打电话说我不能去.(= Since I felt tired)
Thinking that Chinese medicine might help,he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效,于是到一家中医医院去治病.(= As he thought that...)
Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形势的鼓舞下,他们更加努力工作.(= Since they are inspired by...)
c)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替).如：
He came running back to tell us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息.(方式)
She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车.(伴随情况或方式)
The child fell,striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤,头在门上碰破了.(结果)
He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上.(伴随情况)
The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的.(方式)
分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由not后加现在分词构成.如：
Not knowing what to do,she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办,就去请老师帮助.
I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的,没有留下来吃午饭.
过去分词表否定时,常借助un-等前缀表示.如：
The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管.
含有分词的复合宾语
分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语.可有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等等.如：
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路.
We heard the children singing “I Love Beijing’s Tian An Men”我们听见孩子们唱《我爱北京天安门》.
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了.
在have或get后面的复合宾语中,宾语补足语多是过去分词,而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成.如：
We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好.(请别人修)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表.(叫别人修的)
If we have shortcomings,we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点,就不怕别人批评指出.(请别人指出)
但have的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成,而是表自己的经验.如：
He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了.(不是别人给弄折的,而是自己弄折的)
[注一]上述句子结构变为被动语态时,除主语和宾语互换位置外,分词不动.如上面的第一、二例句即可变为：
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing“I Love Beijing Tian An Men”.
[注二]现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同.后者指事情的全过程,目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事；前者指正在继续的动作的一部分,目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前,其含义相当于进行时态.如：
I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了.(看见他上楼整个过程,只说明他上楼这件事)
I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的.(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分,说明他上楼的情景)
I was working in the room all morning" I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作,听见有人敲隔壁房间的门.(听见敲门整个过程)
When I went back to the room,I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌.(只听见一部分,回房间前她已开始唱了)
现在分词的时态
过去分词没有时态形式的变化,所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式.
1)现在分词的时态形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生.如：
Working together with Dr. Bethune,we learnt a lot from him.
我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间,向他学到很多东西.
(working与leamt同时发生)
Knowing that they were going abroad next week ,they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国,所以都开始作准备.(knowing发生在began之前)
He came up to me,saying“Glad to see you again.”他来到我跟前说道,“很高兴又见到你.”(saying发生在came之后)
3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,常常用作状语,表示时间或原因.如：
Having done his homework,the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后,开始写日记.(having done his homework发生在began之前,表示时间.)
Not haying done it right, I tried again.没有做对,我就又试.
(not having done发生在 tried之前,表示原因.)
现在分词的被动语态
一般式being written
完成式having been written
如：
This is one of the many dams being built the river.这是沿河修筑的许多水坝之一.
Being surrounded,the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了,被迫投降.
Having been asked to stay,I couldn’t very well leave.人家请我留下,我就不好离开了.
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